Compare Arctic Ocean (2008) - Reunion (2005)

Compare Arctic Ocean (2008) z Reunion (2005)

	Arctic Ocean (2008)	Reunion (2005)

Administrative divisions	-	none (overseas department of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 arrondissements, 24 communes, and 47 cantons
Age structure	-	0-14 years: 30.4% (male 120,698/female 115,108) 15-64 years: 63.6% (male 243,668/female 250,143) 65 years and over: 6.1% (male 19,234/female 28,097) (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products	-	sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, tropical fruits, vegetables, corn
Airports	-	2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	-	total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 14.056 million sq km note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies	total: 2,517 sq km land: 2,507 sq km water: 10 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US	slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Background	The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.	The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration, supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar Indians, gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cost the island its importance as a stopover on the East Indies trade route.
Birth rate	-	19.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Budget	-	revenues: $1.26 billion expenditures: $2.62 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (1998)
Capital	-	Saint-Denis
Climate	polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow	tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Coastline	45,389 km	207 km
Constitution	-	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Country name	-	conventional long form: Department of Reunion conventional short form: Reunion local long form: none local short form: Ile de la Reunion former: Bourbon Island
Death rate	-	5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Debt - external	-	$NA
Dependency status	-	overseas department of France
Diplomatic representation from the US	-	none (overseas department of France)
Diplomatic representation in the US	-	none (overseas department of France)
Disputes - international	some maritime disputes (see littoral states)	none
Economic aid - recipient	-	NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001 est.)
Economy - overview	Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.	The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, but services now dominate. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to one-third of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, often approaching European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.
Electricity - consumption	-	1.084 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports	-	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports	-	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - production	-	1.166 billion kWh (2002)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m highest point: sea level 0 m	lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m
Environment - current issues	endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack	NA
Ethnic groups	-	French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
Exchange rates	-	euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)
Executive branch	-	chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Laurent CAYREL (since 16 July 2005) head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993) cabinet: NA elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
Exports	-	NA
Exports - commodities	-	sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster 3%, (1993)
Exports - partners	-	France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (2000)
Fiscal year	-	calendar year
Flag description	-	the flag of France is used
GDP - composition by sector	-	agriculture: 8% industry: 19% services: 73% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita	-	purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	-	2.5% (2004 est.)
Geographic coordinates	90 00 N, 0 00 E	21 06 S, 55 36 E
Geography - note	major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months	this mountainous, volcanic island has an active volcano, Piton de la Fournaise; there is a tropical cyclone center at Saint-Denis, which is the monitoring station for the whole of the Indian Ocean
Highways	-	total: 1,214 km (including 88 km of four-lane roads) (2001)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	-	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Imports	-	NA
Imports - commodities	-	manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products
Imports - partners	-	France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000)
Independence	-	none (overseas department of France)
Industrial production growth rate	-	NA%
Industries	-	sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil extraction
Infant mortality rate	-	total: 7.78 deaths/1,000 live births male: 8.52 deaths/1,000 live births female: 6.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	-	NA%
International organization participation	-	InOC, UPU, WFTU
Irrigated land	-	120 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	-	Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel
Labor force	-	309,900 (2000)
Labor force - by occupation	-	agriculture 13%, industry 12%, services 75% (2000)
Land boundaries	-	0 km
Land use	-	arable land: 13.6% permanent crops: 1.2% other: 85.2% (2001)
Languages	-	French (official), Creole widely used
Legal system	-	French law
Legislative branch	-	unicameral General Council (49 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: General Council - last held 15 and 22 March 1998 (next to be held NA); Regional Council - last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held NA 2010) election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - various right-wing candidates 13, PCR 10, PS 10, UDF 8, RPR 6, other left-wing candidates 2; Regional Council (second round) - percent of vote by party - PCR 44.9%, UMP 32.8%, PS-Greens 22.3%; seats by party - PCR 27, UMP 11, PS-Greens 7 note: Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate; elections last held NA 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Reunion also elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, UMP 1, PCR 1
Life expectancy at birth	-	total population: 73.95 years male: 70.55 years female: 77.52 years (2005 est.)
Literacy	-	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 88.9% male: 87% female: 90.8% (2003 est.)
Location	body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle	Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar
Map references	Arctic Region	World
Maritime claims	-	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine	-	total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 28,264 GRT/44,885 DWT by type: chemical tanker 1 foreign-owned: 1 (France 1) registered in other countries: 1 (2005)
Military - note	-	defense is the responsibility of France
Military branches	-	no regular indigenous military forces; French forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)
National holiday	-	Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Nationality	-	noun: Reunionese (singular and plural) adjective: Reunionese
Natural hazards	ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May	periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano
Natural resources	sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)	fish, arable land, hydropower
Net migration rate	-	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Political parties and leaders	-	Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders	-	NA
Population	-	776,948 (July 2005 est.)
Population below poverty line	-	NA%
Population growth rate	-	1.38% (2005 est.)
Ports and harbors	-	Le Port
Radio broadcast stations	-	AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (2001)
Religions	-	Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995)
Sex ratio	-	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Suffrage	-	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	-	general assessment: adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis domestic: modern open-wire and microwave radio relay network international: country code - 262; radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Telephones - main lines in use	-	300,000 est (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular	-	489,800 (2002)
Television broadcast stations	-	35 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (2001)
Terrain	central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 meters thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)	mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
Total fertility rate	-	2.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)
Transportation - note	sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways	-
Unemployment rate	-	36% (1999 est.)

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